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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein S</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Protein S
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<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<p>Vorhandene Strukturdaten: <span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1z6c">1z6c</a></span>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;;">Eigenschaften des menschlichen Proteins
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<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">635 Aminosäuren; 70,6 <a href="Dalton_(Einheit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton (Einheit)">kDa</a>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<td><a href="Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gen-Namen</a>
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<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/all?query=9456">PROS1</a></i>, PROS
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<td>Externe IDs
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<td colspan="2" class="">
<ul><li><a href="Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/176880">176880</a></li>
<li><a href="Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1095733">1095733</a></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a>
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<td colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122; text-align:center;"><a href="Homologie_(Genetik)#Homologie_zwischen_verdoppelten_oder_fremden_Genen" title="Homologie (Genetik)">Orthologe</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Mensch
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Maus
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Entrez_Gene" title="Entrez Gene">Entrez</a>
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=5627&rn=1">5627</a></span>
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=19128&rn=1">19128</a></span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>
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<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000184500;db=core">ENSG00000184500</a></small></small></span>
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<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000022912;db=core">ENSMUSG00000022912</a></small></small></span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P07225">P07225</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q3TR66">Q3TR66</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (mRNA)
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000313">NM_000313</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_011173">NM_011173</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (Protein)
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000304">NP_000304</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_035303">NP_035303</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Genlocus" title="Genlocus">Genlocus</a>
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<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&position=chr3:95074647-95175412">Chr 3: 95.07 – 95.18 Mb</a> </span>
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<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks&position=chr16:62796685-62871594">Chr 16: 62.8 – 62.87 Mb</a> </span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>-Suche
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=5627">5627</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=19128">19128</a></span>
<p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p>Das <b>Protein S</b> (S für Seattle) ist ein <a href="Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin-K</a>-abhängiges Plasma-<a href="Glykoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykoprotein">Glykoprotein</a>, welches u. a. in der <a href="Leber" title="Leber">Leber</a> gebildet wird. Es wirkt der Entstehung von Blutgerinnseln (<a href="Thrombus" title="Thrombus">Thromben</a>) entgegen<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und steigert zudem deren Auflösung (<a href="Fibrinolyse" title="Fibrinolyse">Fibrinolyse</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemie">Biochemie</h2></div>
<p>Protein S ist eine <a href="Serinproteasen" title="Serinproteasen">Plasma-Serin-Protease</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, welche beim Menschen in den <a href="Hepatozyt" title="Hepatozyt">Leberzellen</a>, im <a href="Endothel" title="Endothel">Endothel</a> und anderen Gewebe gebildet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieser Vorgang ist Vitamin-K-abhängig<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Das Protein S wirkt als Kofaktor von <a href="Protein_C" title="Protein C">Protein C</a>, welches die <a href="Gerinnungsfaktoren" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerinnungsfaktoren">Gerinnungsfaktoren</a> Va, sowie VIIIa inaktiviert und abbaut. Dies bremst das Ablaufen der normalen <a href="H%C3%A4mostase" title="Hämostase">Blutgerinnung</a>.
</p><p>Des Weiteren unterstützt Protein S die <a href="Phagocytose" title="Phagocytose">Phagozytose</a> von <a href="Apoptose" title="Apoptose">apoptotischen</a> Zellen<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und spielt auch eine Rolle beim Ablauf von <a href="Entz%C3%BCndung" title="Entzündung">Entzündungsvorgängen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Etwa 60 % des im menschlichen <a href="Blutplasma" title="Blutplasma">Blutplasmas</a> vorkommenden Protein S liegt gebunden an das „C4b bindende Protein“ (C4BP) vor<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathobiochemie">Pathobiochemie</h2></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Protein-S-Mangel" title="Protein-S-Mangel">Protein-S-Mangel</a> kann dementsprechend zu <a href="Thrombose" title="Thrombose">Thrombosen</a> führen. Ein <a href="Heterozygotie" title="Heterozygotie">heterozygoter</a> Gendefekt führt dabei zu einem erhöhten Risiko, eine venöse Thrombose zu erleiden. Ein <a href="Homozygotie" title="Homozygotie">homozygoter</a> Gendefekt ist nicht mit dem Leben vereinbar, betroffene Patienten erleiden bereits während der <a href="F%C3%B6tus" title="Fötus">Fetalperiode</a> ernste Thrombosen oder leiden unter Störungen der Entwicklung des Gefäßsystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>A. Lundwall, W. Dackowski, E. Cohen, M. Shaffer, A. Mahr, B. Dahlbäck, J. Stenflo, R. Wydro: <i>Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation.</i> In: <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> 83 (18), Sept. 1986, S. 6716–6720. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.18.6716" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.6716">doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.6716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386580/">PMC 386580</a> (freier Volltext). <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2944113?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2944113</a>.</li>
<li>G. L. Long, A. Marshall, J. C. Gardner, S. L. Naylor: <i>Genes for human vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins C and S are located on chromosomes 2 and 3, respectively.</i> In: <i>Somat. Cell Mol. Genet.</i> 14 (1), Jan 1988, S. 93–98. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01535052" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/BF01535052">doi:10.1007/BF01535052</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2829367?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2829367</a>.</li>
<li>E. Castoldi, T. M. Hackeng: <i>Regulation of coagulation by protein S.</i> In: <i>Curr. Opin. Hematol.</i> 15 (5), Sept. 2008, S. 529–536. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e328309ec97" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e328309ec97">doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e328309ec97</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695379?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18695379</a>.</li>
<li>Eckhard Podack, William Kolb, Hans Müller-Eberhard: <i>The SC5b-7 complex: formation, isolation, properties, and subunit composition.</i> In: <i>J. Immunol.</i> 199, 1977, S. 2024–2029. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/410885?dopt=Abstract">PMID 410885</a>.</li>
<li>N. J. Beauchamp, A. C. Dykes, N. Parikh, R. Campbell Tait, M. E. Daly: <i>The prevalence of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population.</i> In: <i>Br. J. Haematol.</i> 125 (5), Jun 2004, S. 647–654. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04961.x" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04961.x">doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04961.x</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147381?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15147381</a>.</li>
<li>P. García de Frutos, P. Fuentes-Prior, B. Hurtado, N. Sala: <i>Molecular basis of protein S deficiency.</i> In: <i>Thromb. Haemost.</i> 98 (3), Sept. 2007, S. 543–556. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1160/th07-03-0199" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1160/th07-03-0199">doi:10.1160/th07-03-0199</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849042?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17849042</a>.</li>
<li>M. J. Heeb, Y. Kojima, J. Rosing, G. Tans, J. H. Griffin: <i>C-terminal residues 621-635 of protein S are essential for binding to factor Va.</i> In: <i>J. Biol. Chem.</i> (UNITED STATES) 274 (51), Dez 1999, S. 36187–36192. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.51.36187" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36187">doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36187</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10593904?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10593904</a>.</li>
<li>M. J. Heeb, R. M. Mesters, G. Tans, J. Rosing, J. H. Griffin: <i>Binding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C.</i> In: <i>J. Biol. Chem.</i> (UNITED STATES) 268 (4), Feb 1993, S. 2872–2877. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8428962?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8428962</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemie</cite>. 4. Auflage. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-13-125354-5, Hemmung der Blutgerinnung, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055/b-003-129341">10.1055/b-003-129341</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Protein+S&rft.atitle=Hemmung+der+Blutgerinnung&rft.btitle=Biochemie&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.1055%2Fb-003-129341&rft.edition=4&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9783131253545&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Georg+Thieme+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">DocCheck Medical Services GmbH: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Protein_S"><i>Protein S.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 26. Oktober 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AProtein+S&rft.title=Protein+S&rft.description=Protein+S&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fflexikon.doccheck.com%2Fde%2FProtein_S&rft.creator=DocCheck+Medical+Services+GmbH&rft.language=de"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashish Gupta, Aung M. Tun, Kush Gupta, Faiz Tuma: <cite style="font-style:italic">Protein S Deficiency</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">StatPearls</cite>. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL) 2020, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31335064?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31335064</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544344/">nih.gov</a> [abgerufen am 26. Oktober 2020]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Protein+S&rft.atitle=Protein+S+Deficiency&rft.au=Ashish+Gupta%2C+Aung+M.+Tun%2C+Kush+Gupta%2C+...&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pmid=31335064&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Björn Dahlbäck: <cite style="font-style:italic">Vitamin K–Dependent Protein S: Beyond the Protein C Pathway</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>44</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>02</span>, März 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>176–184</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604092">10.1055/s-0037-1604092</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28905350?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28905350</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Protein+S&rft.atitle=Vitamin+K-Dependent+Protein+S%3A+Beyond+the+Protein+C+Pathway&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rn+Dahlb%C3%A4ck&rft.date=2018-03&rft.doi=10.1055%2Fs-0037-1604092&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=02&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Thrombosis+and+Hemostasis&rft.pages=176-184&rft.pmid=28905350&rft.volume=44" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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